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18 


SKILLED LABOR ®THE PURITAN HERITAGE 



















Hammermen From an etching by the author 










SKILLED 

LABOR 

The Turitan Heritage 

Sy ROY GRIFFITH 

y ii 



Trinted ^/Cambridge, ^Massachusetts 
<By THE PERRY-ESTABROOK PRESS, INC. 

1924 





Copyright 1924 

'ByTm. Perry-Estabrook Press, Inc. 
'Printed in JA (jw England 


©Cl A 807297 is 

SEP 20 1924 n 



SKILLED 

LABOR 

The Turitan Heritage 

T hose who picture the Puritan as bringing to 
America the blessings of religious tolerance and 
democratic government do him a double disser¬ 
vice. They make him appear what he was not, and they 
obscure what he was. They do New England no good, 
for they invest her with a smug self-righteousness in the 
reflected light of Puritan dodrine, and slight her far 
greater contribution to the nation in the heritage of 
Puritan integrity and skill. In this resped the most con¬ 
servative New Englander can appreciate the exasperated 
regret of the West that “Plymouth Rock didn’t land on 
the Pilgrims instead ofthe Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock.” 
The Fathers have been much overdone, and in the wrong 
direction, inaccurately for them and detrimentally to us. 
We can be justly proud of their best, and that is what re¬ 
mains to us; the rest remains with history and might pref¬ 
erably remain there. 

The Puritans, in their way, had democratic ideas, but 


not to the extent enthusiastic appraisers of the Mayflower 
CompaCtwould have us believe,nor out of any real con¬ 
viction of the brotherhood of man. They distrusted the 
class system because they had been oppressed by it, and 
because they themselves came almost altogether from a 
single class. The church and government of England were 
composed of the nobility and gentry. The royal army 
(the trainbands and militia having espoused the cause of 
Parliament) was a half hereditary, half conscript com¬ 
pound of noblemen and thieves, the extremes of the so¬ 
cial scale. The democracy of the Puritans was therefore 
a class interest rather than a mass interest, a selective 
rather than an inclusive democracy. 

More than that, it was basically religious. Democracy 
or toleration outside of his own faith the Puritan neither 
aspired to nor believed in; everybody else,to his view, was 
an Amalekite whom thePuritan God would smite hip and 
thigh through his chosen ministers, as soon as He found 
occasion. If the Puritan came here for “freedom to wor¬ 
ship God,” it was for freedom to worship God in the 
Puritan way, and anybody who took any other form of 
freedom in the matter was lucky to escape with his ears. In 
the choicest vintage of malignant and intolerant fanatics 
that history affords, the Puritan ministry of Boston and 
Salem holds no mean place. Puritan religious freedom 


was no more religious freedom than was the religious op¬ 
pression the Puritans had come here to escape. Religious 
freedom in America began not in New England but in 
Maryland and Pennsylvania. 

The Puritan government, in the same way,gave civil 
liberty to Puritans and no others. The Puritans fought 
the union ofchurch and state under which they were com¬ 
pelled to live in England; but they established a union 
of church and state under which they compelled every¬ 
body else to live in America; and from which they ban¬ 
ished Roger Williams for having the temerity to oppose it. 

Puritanism developed its least intolerant and most 
democratic form among the Pilgrims, first because they 
were a small body composed almost without exception 
of poor folk and artisans, with the sense of a common 
cause; and second, because they had lived for a time in 
Holland, where they became familiar with religious lib¬ 
eralism and republican ideals. Not as familiar as they 
might have become, to everybody’s advantage, had they 
chose; but as familiar as they could, hedged by Puritan 
convi&ions. 

To do the Puritan justice, however, he never claimed 
to be an apostle of civil and religious liberty other than 
on these terms. He was a zealot, but not a professional 
one. His faults, moreover, were the inspiration of his time 


or a rea&ion from it; his virtues exceptional ones for his 
time. Hewas better, on the whole, than the world around 
him. His too sentimental admirers have vested him with 
a cloak of false glory he ill needed. Take it off and you 
discover a plain suit of homespun which became him bet¬ 
ter, which was his real, not fancied, contribution to pos¬ 
terity, and which was worthy ofall resped: and admiration. 

To begin with, he had convictions and the courage 
to maintain them; moral commodities too rare in any 
market. He was brave as the Devil, and would have waged 
war in heaven, too, had he believed it to be run by Epis¬ 
copalians. Cromwell’s Ironsides, a company,as he himself 
said, of “poor ignorant men,” routed the royal cavalry 
at Marston Moor,and led by “plain men made captains 
of horse” scattered Charles’s army to the winds at Nase- 
by, singing psalm tunes while His Frustrated Majesty 
hopelessly begged his defeated troopers for “one charge 
more.” 

And the Puritan was quite as courageous in the pur¬ 
suits of peace, as witness his early struggles to live in an 
unfriendly wilderness. He was thrifty because he had to 
be to live at all, at home or abroad. He knew the benefits 
of education because he had had very little of it. The men 
mentally prominent among the thoroughgoing Puritans 
could be counted on the fingers. But what was most im- 


portant of all, he was capable; for the hands that held the 
Puritan weapons were hands apt to the trowel, loom and 
plow, the saw and hammer, the forge and mine and quar¬ 
ry. His true glory — and it has always been more truly 
England’s glory than the glory of her courts and con¬ 
quests—was in his craftsmanship. 

Here, then, is our real heritage from the Puritan; he 
brought his skill and independence and enterprise and 
indomitable persistence to the land of his adoption, and 
made them part of it. He stamped ineffaceably on New 
England a character and conscience in workmanship 
which has endured while time’s ceaseless tide has swept 
away the last vestige of his hatred for prayer-books and 
plum-pudding, his scorn for Christmas, and his sterile 
hope of extinguishing the fires of human nature. 

The man who brings a harvest from the ground,wins 
a habitation from a jealous land, puts a roof over those 
he loves, clothes and feeds his fellows, and leaves them 
the blessings of peace and plenty, enlightenment and 
occupation, is a nearer and more inspiring image of his 
Creator than the one who turns ancient superstition into 
wordy dogma, sowing the wind to reap the whirlwind. 
The stonecutters of the Middle Ages were finer theolo¬ 
gians than the bishops; and if you were to seek for a 
better Puritan preacher than Cotton Mather, you could 

7 


easily have found one in the nearest Puritan blacksmith. 
You couldn’t have made him believe it, but he was. 

Democracies were no new things before the May¬ 
flower, nor need it even be admitted that a democracy 
is the most admirable form of government, except in 
theory. But independence is essential to any state except 
a craven serfdom, and men, not means, are the first and 
last resort of civil liberty and political administration. 
Puritan manliness and independence were adtualities 
which stamped themselves indelibly on history, while the 
Puritan Commonwealth was only a mistaken political 
example of their application. The Puritan Common¬ 
wealth itself fell with the passing of the man who made 
it; but the spirit of Marston Moor echoed in the mus¬ 
kets of Bunker Hill, and shone on the bayonets of the 
Northern regiments at Gettysburg. 

The scorn of the English for what Dr. Johnson de¬ 
nounced as a “race of convi&s who ought to be thankful 
for anything we allow them short of hanging,” and of 
the Southerners who called our farmers and mechanics 
“whitewashed slaves,” was based on the feudal idea of 
the worthlessness of labor except for the support of a 
leisured ruling class, and was as far as the poles from 
New England belief and practice. And not so long ago 
NewEnglanders were being quite as curiously pictured 


to the rest of the country as plethoric bankers who held 
the land in mortgage from the Berkshires to the Pacific, 
living in indolent enjoyment of their stranglehold. The 
fact is, of course, that, rich or poor, the New Englander 
is still in spirit a craftsman or a trader. No one, perhaps, 
knows less than he the art of taking life easily; he must 
forever be doing or making or selling something. 

The apothegm of Sancho Panza,“the tool to the hand 
of the one who can use it,” never fitted more appropri¬ 
ately than in the case of New England and the Puritan. 
Here was a land as if expressly made for the small land¬ 
holder, the hardy sailor, the mechanic and artisan, and 
the soul of enterprise and independence. Abundant 
rivers, lavish in water-power, and affording ideal sites for 
cities; a rugged coast line, broken by a hundred harbors 
of resort or refuge; dense spreading forests, long rolling 
uplands with perfect pasturage, a myriad clear, fresh 
lakes, vast stores of stone and metal, and rapid avenues 
of communication, combined in an abounding natural 
wealth and resource to encourage and enrich the man 
who was willing to work for a living, and who knew 
how to apply his willingness. 

Life was hard at first; it ameliorated under intelligent 
pioneering; it has grown under agricultural, manufac¬ 
turing, commercial, economic and educational advance- 


ment to a standard equalled in but few places, and ex¬ 
celled by none. 

What the Puritan began, the Yankee, his direct de¬ 
scendant, continued and improved; the immigration of 
Gaul and Gael, of Saxon, Slav and Latin, has caught the 
strange infection, despised alike by radical and reaction¬ 
ary, of working for a living, and our present-day New 
England, richer than ever in performance and in possi¬ 
bilities, is the result. 

The Yankee was, indeed, a type as distinct as the 
Puritan. Making due allowances for the prejudices of 
Diedrich Knickerbocker, his description has some salt 
of accuracy: “a long-sided, raw-boned, hardy race of 
whalers, woodcutters, fishermen, peddlers, and strapping 
corn-fed wenches; confident in the protection of Provi¬ 
dence, and relying as cheerfully on their own resources.” 
The Yankee could make everything he wanted,and more; 
he could find or build means to carry the excess to the 
world’s markets, and he knew how to sell it or “swap” 
it when he got it there. His whaling ships scoured the 
seven seas; his clippers bore in their swift white wings 
his cargoes of rum and Bibles, lumber and mixed mani¬ 
fests of everything, fetching and carrying everywhere. 
A born trader, a keen judge of human wants and human 
nature, a thrifty householder, instinctive workman, and 

« IO H* 


intrepid trail-blazer, seeking always, like the Athenians, 
some new thing; and democratically governing himself— 
as they, for all their intelligence, could not do—by town 
meeting, he glutted Europe, Asia and Africa with “Yan¬ 
kee notions,” raised the wheat of Kansas, and dug the 
gold of California; doing anything, and as long as he 
was doing something, caring very little what. 

Every spindle, every lathe that turns in New England 
today, hums as much with the momentum of his inde¬ 
fatigable industry as by its own mechanical impulse. The 
first cotton factory in New England, established at Paw¬ 
tucket Falls by Samuel Slater in 17 9 o, was equipped with 
machinery which its founder built from memory. If he 
couldn’t have remembered it, he would probably have in¬ 
vented it, and the work would have gone onjust the same. 

New England regiments were a byword in the Civil 
War; no matter what had to be done, from building a 
bridge to running a locomotive, men could be found in 
them to do it. If they didn’t know how when they start¬ 
ed, they found out while they were at it; if they didn’t 
do it the accepted way, they did it nevertheless, and it 
served equally well. Custom and tradition meant noth¬ 
ing to a race who had been forced for generations to do 
without them, and to meet circumstances as they arose. 
A rebellion by a landed aristocracy against skilled free 


labor was hopeless from the start; the gun and sword are 
weak opponents for the forge and hammer. They cannot 
even be made unless Tubal Cain, the anvil lord, consents 
to make them. 

In the decade previous to the Civil War, New Eng¬ 
land had definitely concluded the economic process 
which had gradually been transforming her from a com¬ 
munity preponderantly agricultural to a community 
preponderantly mechanic and commercial. Her dense 
and rapidly growing population centered in her cities, 
and the vast movement of modern manufacture, with its 
advantages and disadvantages, and its increasing prob¬ 
lems, definitely began. The same process has taken place 
in England till she can no longer feed herself; it is well 
under way, as the last census disconcertingly shows, in 
America as a whole. For many years, New England’s 
abandoned farms were a growing difficulty, but this is 
now dissolving in their occupation by hardy farmers of 
European stock to whom Puritan and Cavalier are 
names unknown. The problem for the next generation 
the earth around will be food, and dense populations 
will be the first to feel its pressure. If there is a coming 
tendency toward a readjustment of population from the 
city to the country, food will be the cause and incentive, 
here as elsewhere. 



The skilled labor for which New England is distin¬ 
guished today is, to be sure, not the skilled labor of the 
Puritan Commonwealth. Then, the weaver wove on his 
own loom, and the artisan of whatever type was more 
largely an individual, working at his own task, and 
judged by his single product. The era of machine produc¬ 
tion drew the workman to the city, and made him part 
of a vast organization, involving a change in the condi¬ 
tions of human existence so great and so fundamental 
that society is not yet completely adjusted to it, and 
scarcely sees how to arrange the proportion of work and 
reward in it with justice to all. 

But the spirit of a craftsman is to do the work well 
however it is done, and this is still distinctly the spirit 
of New England craftsmanship. As anyone will tell you 
who sells to New Englanders, its population wants the 
best, and will be satisfied with nothing else. They know 
quality, for quality is their stock in trade. 

The list of representative New England products and 
industries is too extensive, and too well known, to need 
elaboration here. New England textiles in cotton, woolen 
and worsted, boots and shoes, hats, clothing, furniture, 
rugs and carpets, pianos, watches, machinery, jewelry 
and silverware, pulp, paper, talc, paint, rubber goods, 
metal goods, granite, slate and marble, timber, canned 
z 3 


foods, potatoes, apples, toys, and books are familiar from 
sun to sun as staples of outstanding merit; and though 
Michigan may make the most, New England makes the 
finest automobiles in America. Her fishing industry is, 
and always has been, in a class by itself for both quantity 
and quality. The “Yankee” alarm clock rings the Lap¬ 
lander up to milk his reindeer, and the Zulu chief proudly 
exhibits his Conne&icut penknife as his especial treas¬ 
ure. The earth is full of the labor of New England, and 
is everywhere the better for it. 

One can hardly call the printing press a Yankee no¬ 
tion, for it came with the Reformation, but of that move¬ 
ment Puritanism was a part. The printing press has also 
been the chief agent of material progress and education, 
and of those advantages the Puritan was a foremost 
sponsor. The type case and the college came hand in 
hand to New England,and have more than distinguished 
it. No form ofskilled labor calls for greater accuracy, pre¬ 
cision, and knowledge than the printing craft, whose ser¬ 
vice to commerce as well as to every other human en¬ 
deavor has been incalculable. It is a source of pride to 
every New England printer that he is a workman serving 
workman, and a torchbearer of the Puritan heritage in 
its most exa&ing field. 


Produced in 

NEW ENGLAND 

by NEW ENGLAND CRAFTSMEN 
with NEW ENGLAND 
PRODUCTS 

tO’S 

J^ayout, Typography & Tresswork 
The Perry-Estabrook Press, Inc., Cambridge, Mass. 

Taper: 

Strathmore Paper Co., Mittineague, Mass. 
Ctching: 

Roy Griffith, Boston, Mass. 

Engravings: 

Harvard Engraving Co., Boston, Mass. 

Ink: 

H. S. Prescott, Springfield, Mass. 
binding: 

Union Bookbinding Co., Boston, Mass. 
Container: 

Cambridge Paper Box Co., Cambridge, Mass. 





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